In Buddhism and Taoism, the conception of the Otherworld (彼岸世界) reflects their respective unique philosophical and spiritual practices. Although the Western Paradise of Ultimate Bliss (西方极乐世界) of Buddhism and the Eastern Paradise of Eternal Bliss (东方长乐世界) of Taoism are both ideal realms that transcend the mortal world, they differ significantly in location, nature, and methods of practice.
Buddhism: Western Paradise (佛教：西方极乐世界)
Location and Essence (方位与本质): The Western Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss is located in the far west, presided over by Amitabha Buddha (阿弥陀佛). It is a pure land free from birth, old age, sickness, and death. It is regarded as a "Wondrous Existence" (妙有) manifested by the compassionate vows of Amitabha. It emphasizes the principle of "Faith, Aspiration, and Practice" (信、愿、行)—the belief that through sincere faith and virtuous conduct, the soul can return to its Pure Original Mind (清净本心).
Practice Methods (修行方法): Buddhism advocates that "the mind can transform the environment" (心能转境). Through upholding precepts, meditation, and wisdom, one purifies the "Three Poisons" (Greed, Anger, and Ignorance). Qualification for rebirth depends on the purity of the soul’s Consciousness (神识) and letting go of Demonic Obstacles (魔障).
Cultural Background (文化背景): Originating from Indian Buddhism, it became a pillar of faith in China, providing spiritual solace and a way to transcend reality's suffering.
Taoism: The Eastern Paradise (道教：东方长乐世界)
Location and Essence : Taoism uses the East as its symbol, corresponding to Wood (木) in the Five Elements and Spring (春) in the Four Seasons, representing vitality. The Eastern Paradise is ruled by Taiyi Jiuku Tianzun (太乙救苦天尊). It emphasizes reaching a state where "one’s own heart aligns with the Heart of Heaven" (合本心即合天心).
Methods of Spiritual Practice (修行方法): Taoism pursues "Self-Salvation" (自渡), achieving sublimation through inner sincerity and right mindfulness. It focuses on the unity of the individual with the Tao (天道), embodying the concept that "external factors are supportive conditions, but the key lies within oneself" (外界全是助缘，重在自身).
Cultural Background : Rooted in native Chinese culture, it reveres life and nature, reflecting a pursuit of Longevity and Rebirth (长生与重生).
Comparison and Connection
Locational Differences : The two realms are opposite, symbolizing Metal/Contraction (金/肃敛) and Wood/Growth (木/生发), reflecting different understandings of the universal order.
Core of Practice : Buddhism focuses on "Enlightenment of Mind and Nature" (心性觉悟); Taoism emphasizes the cultivation of a virtuous heart and practicing the Great Way (大道).
Cultural Integration (文化融合): Both respond to the human yearning for eternity and provide a Spiritual Refuge (精神归宿) beyond reality.